Lichens, of which more than twenty thousand species have been named, are complex associations between certain algae. The lichen itself is not an organism: rather it is the morphological and biochemical product of the association. Neither a fungus nor an alga alone can produce lichen. The intimate relationship between these two living components of lichen was once erroneously though to represent mutualism. In mutual relationships, both participants benefit. With lichens, however, it appears the fungus actually parasitizes the algae. This is one of the conclusions drawn from experiments in which the two components of lichens were separated and grown apart.
In nature, lichen fungi may encounter and grow around saveral kinds of algae. Some types of algae the fungi may kill; other types it may reject. Lichen algae are autotrophic, meaning they make their own food through photosynthesis. Lichen fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they depend upon the algae within the lichen to supply their food. Up to ninety percent of than food made by the green alga cell is transferred to the fungus.
Directions: For each question in this part, you will hear four statements about a picture in your test book. When you hear the statements, you must select the one. Jul 18, 2013 Contoh Soal Listening TOEFL Beserta Audio MP3 Kunci Jawaban (Post-Test Longman) Soal Tes TOEFL dan Pembahasan Jawaban Structure (Complete Test 1 by Longman) Soal Tes TOEFL dan Pembahasan Jawaban Written Expression (Complete Test 2 by Longman) Soal TOEFL Reading dan Kunci Jawaban (Pre-Test Longman).
What, if anything, the fungus contributes to the association is not well understood. Lichens are hardly. The grow in many habitats and are often pioneers in hostile environments where few other organisms can flourish. They have been known to grow endolithically, having been discovered thriving inside of rocks in Antartica. Lichen help reduce erosion by stabilizing soil. Saveral kinds of insects glue lichens to their exoskeletons for camouflage. Many species of birds use lichens as building materials for nests.
Human have used lichens for dyes and antibiotics. Which of the following best describes lichen association?
Simple plants made of two different autotrophic organims. A mutual association between a fungus and an alga C. A parasitic association between two fungi, one autotrophic, the second autotrophic D. A union between a parasitic fungus and an autotrophic alga 2. The word 'hardly' in line 26 is clossest in meaning to A. Beneficial 3. In Biology, mutualism occurs when two different organism live close together and A.
One organism parasitizes the other B. Both organism benefit from the association C. Both organism are harmed by the association D. One organism benefits while the other does not or is harmed by the association 4. In line 7, the word 'intimate' is nearest in meaning to A. Extraordinary C.
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Biological D. Lichen serves as camouflage for which of the following?
The true nature of the relationship between the lichen components was clarified by A. Examining lichens with a microscope B. Observing lichens palced in the dark C. Observing the lichen component when grown apart D. Decreasing the amount of nutrients available to the lichens 7. In line 27, the word 'hostile' is clossestnin the meaning to A. Untraveled D.
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Inhospitable 8. An endolithic lichen is one that A. Grows in the canopies of trees B. Grows inside rocks C. Grows at very high altitudes D.
Grows inside other organism, including other lichens 9. Many lichens contribute at the communities they in habits by A. Removing pollutants from the air B. Controlling wood-rotting fungi C. Slowing the spread of viruses D.
Reducing soil erosion Question 11 through 20 are based on the following passage. When buying a house, you must be sure to have it checked for termites. A termite is much like an ant in its communal habits, although physically the two insects are distinct. Like those ants, termite colonies consist of different classes, each with its own particular job.
The most perfectly formed termites, both male and female, make up the productive class. They have eyes, hard body walls and fully developed wings.
A pair of reproductive termites founds the colony. When new reproductive termites develop, they leave to form another colony. They use their wings only this on time and then break them off.
The worker termites are small, blind and wingless, with soft bodies. They make up the majority of the colony and do all the work. Soldiers are eyeless and wingless but are larger than the workers and have hard heads and strong jaws and legs. They defend the colony and are cared for by the workers.
The male and female of the reproductive class remain inside a closed-in cell when the female lays thousands of eggs. The workers place the eggs in cell and care for them.
Even if one colony is treated with poison, if a male and female of the reproductive class escape, they can form a new colony. Pest control companies can inspect a house for infestation of termites.
Often, of lay person can not spot the evidence, so it is critical to have the opinion of a proffesional. Treatments vary depending upon the type of termite. How are termites like ants? They live in communities, and each class has a specific duty B. Their bodies are the same shape C. The king and queen are imprisoned D.
The females' reproductive capacities are the same 11. The word 'communal' in line 3 is closest in meaning to A. Reproducing C. Organizational D. Which of the following is not true? All termites have eyes B. Some termites cannot fly C.
Workers are smaller than soldiers D. Termites do not fly often 13.
In line 4, the word 'distinct' is closest in meaning to A. Genetically related D. In line 6, 'classes' is closest in meaning to A. Categories 15.
Which of the following statements is probably true? Thousands of termites may move together to develop a new colony B.
The male and female reproductions do not venture outdoors except to form a new colony. There are more soldiers than workers D. A worker could easily kill a soldier 16. The word 'founds' in line 10 is nearest in meaning to A. Establishes B. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? Termites Destroy Houses B.
Termites Work Well Together C. The Habits and Physical Characteristics of Termites D. The relationship of Soldier and Worker Termites 18. The word 'each' in line 6 refers to A. Classes KUNCI JAWABAN: 1. B Sumber: TOEFL WORKSHOP in 30 minutes by BILLY ADAM, Ph.D.
The majority of top managers work moat productively outside standard working hours. This per a recent survey by Jefferson Watch Corporation of 100 chief executives of the top 500 companies in the country. The morning hours before other employees arrive were favored by 43 executives, while 18 preferred to work alter the other employees had left. Among those who considered normal working hours to he their most productive, 75% favored mornings over afternoons. 115% of those surveyed said that they worked at home in the evenings, and 65% worked over the weekends. A $100 deposit per person is required for the 5-day course and $50 per person for the 2 day course. Deposits are refundable if notice of cancellation is received at least 14 days prior to reservation period, less a $10 handling charge.
Deposit will not be refunded if cancellation is received less than 14 days prior to reservation period. Deposit may be transferred to another session if notice of change is received at least 7 days prior to original date of enrollment. Transfer of deposit to another session Is contingent upon availability of space in that session.